Cryogenic memory



May 4, 1965 J. w. BRI-:MER ETAL 3,182,294

CRYOGENI C MEMORY 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed July 8, 1964 Fig.

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May 4, 1965 J. w. BREMl-:R ETAL- 3,182,294

CRYOGENIC MEMORY 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed July 8, 1964 TNI f77 Ver? fors John VV. .Bremer-3 Vez-non L.. New/:ous

May 4,. 1965 J. w. BREMER ETAL 3,182,294

CRYOGENIC MEMORY Filed July 8, 1964 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 EAM JEL v spass ma? J-l V- l WRITE CURRENT I z2 l f l I'" w m 1 W V-L x wf 1 I RESISTANCE' I WR/rf z V @fno WRI Tf 6 fr? Venter-'52: Jo/7n WE1-'ameri Vernon L.. /Ve whouse,

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e'attorney/ United States Patent O- 3,182,294 CRYGENIC MEMORY lohn W. Bremer, Sunnyvale, Calif., and Vernon L. Newhouse, Scotia, NY., assignors to General Electric Cornpany, a corporation of New Yori( Filed .Iuly 8, 1964, Ser. No. 382,692 17 Claims. (Cl. S40-173.1)

This invention relates to a cryogenic electronic memory and more particularly to such a memory having an improved organization contributing to a reduction in memory size and an increase in memory operating speed. This application is a continuation-in-part of our copending application Serial No. 47,539, filed August 4, 1960, now abandoned, and assigned to the assignee of the present application.

Certain electrical conductors are known to exhibit a loss of electrical resistance at temperatures approaching absolute zero and to regain this resistance in the presence of a specified magnetic eld. A switching device employing this phenomenon includes a first such conductor with a conducting coil therearound, means being provided to maintain the device below the temperature at which resistance in the first conductor substantially disappears. A current passed through the coil of value suicient to produce a certain critical magnetic ield returns the rst conductor to a resistive or normal state. Since the controlled conductor exhibits two distinctly different electrical states, i.e., the superconducting state and the resistive or normal state, it is employed advantageously as a computer logic element. Bistable circuits formed of such elements are capable of assuming and retaining selected current flow paths and therefore may form the basis of computer memory systems.

In conventional computing equipment the memory portion of the computer consumes a considerable portion of the space allotted to the computer. A reduction in computer size may be brought about by a reduction in the size of the memory and, in turn, by a reduction in the size of the mcmorys component elements. An advantageously compact component construction employed in accordance with the present invention is disclosed and claimed in our Patent No. 3,076,102, issued January 29, 1963. According to this construction, a cryogenic electronic switching element is formed from a first gate layer consisting of a hat metallic film, and a second insulated control grid film layer deposited thereacross. A current of predetermined magnitude flowing in the control grid establishes a magnetic field therearound capable of rendering the gate resistive. Current gain may be realized in such a device wherein the grid is narrow since its reduced cross-section increases the magnetic iield intensity near the grid for a given current flowing therein. Switching devices of the above type may be greatly miniaturized and tightly packed without altering their operation. For example, a memory system may include twenty thousand such devices per square foot on a fiat plate substrate. Substrates can then be stacked with more than two such plates per centimeter of height resulting in a capacity of over a million switching devices per cubic foot.

However, even with miniaturized switching devices, much valuable memory space is wasted when the devices are employed in conventional circuits. For example, prior cryogenic memory systems comprise a multiplicity of somewhat cumbersome bistable llip-ops based upon alternate current flow paths, and associated logic. Additional circuitry is required for writing into the bistable circuits and for retrieving the same information in a nondestructive manner. Such circuitry is not only space consuming but tends to be slow in its operation.

3,182,294 Patented May 4, i965 It is accordingly an object of this invention to provide an improved cryogenic electronic memory wherein an increased number of operations may be carried on in a given time and volume.

It is another object of this invention to provide an improved cryogenic electronic memory requiring simpler apparatus and circuitry for inserting and withdrawing information non-destructively.

It is another object of this invention to provide an improved cryogenic electronic memory requiring a minimum number of elemental units and having a maximum packing for the information stored.

It is another object of this invention to provide an improved catalog memory matrix wherein a large number of stored information units may be compared with an input interrogation unit.

In accordance with the invention, a basic memory unit employed is a loop circuit capable of superconduction deposited as a film upon an insulating substrate. The loop is provided with a coupling means for injecting a current into at least a portion of the loop, as well as an inhibiting grid lead across a portion of the loop for rendering normal at least a part thereof, and a superconducting output gate crossing the loop which gate may be rendered normal by currents flowing in the loop. This basic building block or cell is set forth and claimed in our copending application Serial No. 311,272, tiled August 19, 1963. Application Serial No. 311,272 is a division of our aforementioned application Serial No. 47,539, and is also assigned to the assignee of the present invention. In accordance with a principal feature of the present invention a memory matrix of the catalog type includes columns and rows of the aforementioned individual cryogenic electronic memory loops or cells. Input conductors join or couple the said coupling means in each column of these cells while selection and output coupling means join the inhibiting grids and output gates in separate rows or word groups of cells. The memory matrix of the present invention effects the simultaneous comparison of an interrogation with the memorys contents for indicating a comparing word in the memory.

The subject matter which we regard as our invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of this specification. The invention, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a cryogenic electronic memory cell employed according to the present invention,

FIG. 2 is a chart of wave forms illustrating the operation of the FIG, 1 cell,

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a catalog memory matrix according to the present invention,

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a modification of the cryogenic electronic memory cell employed according to the present invention, and

FIG. 5 is a chart of wave forms illustrating operation of the FIG. 4 device.

Referring to FIG. 1, illustrating the basic unit or cell used in the present invention, a loop of material 1 capable of superconduction is serially formed from a conductor 2 of lead and a tin conductor 3 having a wider transverse dimension. IThe conductors forming this loop are preferably thin ilms of the type disclosed in our aforementioned Patent No. 3,076,102, and are deposited on a common insulating substrate in the manner therein set forth. A narrow erase grid 4 (formed of lead) overlays tin gate 3 but is insulatedi electrically therefrom by insulation 4a as also taught in the above patent. A half loop 5 or write loop is placed over and insulated from conductor 2, so that it is inductively related to the loop including conductor 2 to obtain transformer action between half loop 5 and conductor 2. The top portion of conductor 2 overlays a tin read gate 6, being separated therefrom by insulation 6a, and acts as a control grid similar to grid 4 with respect thereto.

The cryogenic electronic cell of FIG. 1 is maintained, by means not illustrated, at a very low temperature, which, for presently known superconducting materials, is in the range of liquid helium or liquid hydrogen temperatures. This device may be submerged in liquid helium contained in a Dewar vessel that is surrounded by liquid nitrogen contained in a larger Dewar vessel. This low temperature apparatus is called a cryostat.

The respective grids and gates of the FIG. 1 device are constructed of different materials so that the critical or normalizing field strength for gate conductors is less than for associated grid conductors. At 3.5 K., a typical cryostat temperature, the transition fields for tin and lead are approximately 30 oersteds and 600 oersteds, respectively, attaining the desired differential in transition from the superconducting to the resistive state for these materials. It is understood that other materials having a similar differential in field criticality may be employed, or other means may be employed to insure the respective grids are capable of normalizing the gates over which they lie without themselves becoming resistive.

The operation of the FIG. 1 cell is illustrated by the chart of wave forms shown in FIG. 2. They are, from top to bottom, as a function of time: the erase current in grid 4, the write current in loop 5, the circulating current in loop 1, the read current in tin gate 6, and the f output resistance across the latter gate. A one"7 stored is indicated by a clockwise current in circulating loop 1, and a zero stored is indicated by a counter-clockwise current in the same loop. The respective currents are preferably supplied from constant current generators.

A one is written initially when no current is circulating, first, by the application of an erase pulse, followed by a write pulse from the direction shown by the arrow. The Write pulse induces a negative current (counter-clockwise) in the circulating loop. The presence of this current and the erase current causes the tin gate 3 to be resistive, dissipating this induced current. When this current is entirely dissipated, the erase pulse is terminated. The write pulse is then terminated and this termination induces a positive current (clockwise) in the circulating loop 1. Since the entire loop is now superconducting, this current will continue to circulate with no decrease in amplitude and a one is stored.

The read cycle is initiated by simultaneous application of a negative write pulse and a read current pulse. The negative Write pulse induces a positive pulse clockwise in loop 1 which adds to the current already present there. This makes the circulating current substantially double its previous value, and the currents are chosen such that this double current alone through its attendant field is suiiicient to drive gate 6 into the resistive region. When the pulses are terminated the circulating current is reduced to its former value, leaving a one stored (and allowing tin gate 6 to return to a superconducting state). To write a zero an erase pulse is applied and then a negative Write pulse is applied. This induces a positive current in the circulating loop il but this quickly dissipates as the gate 3 is resistive. The write pulse is then terminated which induces a negative current in the circulating loop 1, and since the gate 3 is now superconducting, this current will continue to circulate indefinitely. A zero is now stored.

When a read cycle is now initiated, by applying a negative write pulse simultaneously with a read current pulse, a positive current is induced in the circulating loop 1. Since this induced current is approximately equal to but opposite to the circulating current already present due to the storage of the zero, a net current of approximately zero now flows in the circulating loop 1. When the read pulse is applied, substantially no voltage appears across the tin gate 6 indicating no resistance therein. When the negative write pulse is terminated, the circulating current returns to its negative value due to induction between the two loops, leaving a stored zero. In FIG. 2, the operation of write one is again shown, with a stored zero as the initial condition.

It is seen that a write cycle consists of an erase pulse followed by a write pulse-positive for storage of a one and negative for a storage of a zero. The read cycle consists of a simultaneous read current pulse and a negative write current pulse. A large output resistance denotes a one stored, and a small resistance a zero An alternative read cycle consists of the simultaneous application of a read current pulse and a positive write current pulse. This reduces the circulating current when a one is stored to nearly zero amplitude and increases the circulating current amplitude when a zero is stored to a large negative value. Since the polarity of the grid current across a gate is unimportant, a large output resistance will now occur in gate 6 when a zero is stored and a small resistance when a one is stored.

This cryogenic electronic cell operates in accordance with the invention both as a storage element and as an and gate for testing coincidence between a bit stored in the loop 1 and a subsequent interrogating write current pulse which may be applied simultaneously with the read current pulse during the read cycle. When the interrogation on the write wire coincides with the stored information (for example, if a one is stored and the interrogate gate pulse on the write line is positive) a small or no output resistance will be produced. If the sense of the interrogation pulse does not agree with the stored information, a large output resistance results. A utilization or indicating device for measuring the resistance of the output gate 6 is serially included in the read current lead to gate 6 with the source of read current pulses (not shown). As previously indicated, the device of FIG. 1 is disclosed and claimed in our copending application Serial No. 311,272, filed August 19, 1963, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a memory system according to the present invention which may be described as a catalog memory. A catalog memory has important advantages in certain applications over conventional memory arrangements. In computer memories, the information is usually stored as binary digits, arranged in groups called words. In conventional memories, the stored information is located by searching the memory bit by bit, or word by word. In a catalog memory, an interrogate Word is selected, fed into the memory system, and may be compared at once with every Word in the memory. If any word in the memory corresponds exactly to the interrogate word, an output signal is given. This type of operation can be used, for example, in checking an order stock number against an inventory. If a conventional memory were to be used to this end, each stored word or bit would have to be interrogated separately by location and the desired comparison would have to be made with additional logic circuitry.

The nature of operation of the catalog memory demands that each `bit of information stored have associated with it a comparison circuit or and gate. The added cost of such a complexity has limited the use of catalog type memories employing vacuum tubes, transistors, magnetic devices, or even conventional cryogenic devices. The memory system according to the present invention employs the information storage and logic functions of arrayed cryogenic electronic storage cells in advantageous combination. In FIG. 3, a 4 x 4 superconductive catalog memory is illustrated (4 words of 4 bits each), together aieaaszr forming the toplrow and cells 7, 11, 15 `and 19 forming tronic storage device 179, for example, the start ofthe A pulse will have no elfect'upon the storage loop 1 of the unit because of Vthesimultarleous presence of an erase pulse inzthe same unit as hereinbefore described. Howthe left-hand column. Second, third and fourth rows are placed undenone another and arecomposed of ,units 11 through 14,15 throughlS, and 19v through 22, respective- 1y.1 Theentirememory apparatus is enclosed in an appropriate refrigeration device@l l Units 7 through 10 have their output gates 6 serially interconnected and theirerase grids 4 also serially interconnected. The same connections aremade in `rows 11 through 14, 15 through 18, and 19 through 22, .respectively. The cell devices in a given column have their input coupling means 5 serially connected ,between respective terminals Al-AO, Bl-Bo, Cl-CD and Dl-D, designating the-four digital positions, A, B, Cand D, of the stored and interrogated words.

A fouriposition matrix composed of vconventional cryogenic switches 23, 24, 25 and 26 is employed for selecting the row of the memory into which a word, A-B-v C-D, is read* Inthis matrix the gate of switch 23 is connected in parallelV across the buss serially joining the erase grids 4 of the top row of cryogenic. electronic cells, that is.eellsv7 through 10 and the gates of switchesl 24, 25 and 26are similarly arranged in `parallel with succeeding rows of erase grids in the memory. The gates of cryogenic switches l23 and 24 are connected in series from terminal 34 vto ground, `the gates of devices :'25 and 26 being similarlyconnectedfrom terminal 351to ground. The. grids ofv devicesZS and 25 are serially interposed betweentermipals-E1 a-nd E0, while the gridsof devices l24 vand 26 are Y veffectsV on these units.

ever, the erase pulse is arranged to terminate before the end of the'A pulse by discontinuing Vthe inputs to the matrix 23-26 before the-end ofthe A pulse. The conclusion of the A p ulse induces a one in the storage loop of the device, consisting of a clockwise current whichY will continue to circulate after the A pulse is terminated, thereby storing the information. This fA pulse will not have been stored in `'the loops of units 7, 11 or 15 inasmuch as no'erase pulse was presented to thesefunits and j therefore the rise and fall of the A pulse had reverse In the'abovev manner anV entire word may be written simultaneously in cryogenic electronic lmemory devices 19 through 22, the remaining bits thereof being inserted onthe B, C -and D lines. Other wordsare written similarly in the other rows. If desired, each of Vthesennits can be driven by individual erase lines, allowing individual bits to be written separately in the units.y

The read-lines of the matrix, that is the serial connections joining the read gates of each row, have been arranged in a'parallel `circuithaving a total of iive parallel branches,tone of the branches being adurnmy inductance 33'. Now to interrogate the catalog memory,

current pulses representing the bitsyof aninterrogationl Y* is of thefsame polarity as 'the input bit Lpulse which interposed between terminals F1 andFo.` Currents used t() Operate ,these switches are selected in each instance so that a combination of grid current Aand gate currentis r required to return each superconducting gate to itsnorrnal vor resistive statewhereby aselection ofinputs maybe Y employed to place resistancefacross the erase grids V3 Ain 's onerow of the memory matrix asl hereinafter described.

t Eachof the serial circuits including the `outpu'tgates 6 1nV a row of cryogenic memory devices also serially includes a` grid oftone `of the cryogenic switches 27, 28 and i 29 or 30 and then each such combination is paralleled,V l with a superconducting dummy parallel inductance 33 TheV having terminals 36 and 37 connected there'across. gates of cryogenic switches 27 through 30 formI another series circuit with an output device 31, a superconducting dummy inductance 32 having terminals 38 and 39 being paralleled with the latter serial connection.

All interconnections employed within thejmemo'ry are preferably superconducting at its operating temperature.

The operation of the FIG. 3 catalog memory matrix systemvis considered as follows: A current pulse is ap,-v

plied between either terminal 34 or 35 and ground andf' simultaneouly therewith a current pulse is applied between E1 and E0 or F1 and F0. Assume, for example, that the latter is true'in both cases. Then the unit `26 will become resistive and units2'3, 24 and 25 will remain superconductive. The large resistance of unit 26 will allow for the current applied at 35' to pass through the erase lines of Cells 22, 21, 20 and 19 before the current returns to ground, None of the other long erase lines will conduct much current inasmuch as these lines will be shunted in each case by the superconducting element of much lower inductance. t Y

As fa row is thus selected with matrix 23-26, the word of information to be stored in this row (units 19 through 22)- is presented `on'write 1ines,vA, B, C and D, If the"A bit or digit of the word to be stored is` av one,

a positive current pulse isappli'edV on line A1-A0 and so` on. It" a zero is to be stored, a negative pulse is incaused the circulating current, the ,read gate 6 :of that unit will remain 'at low. resistance. i' If the interrogation Ipulse is of the opposite polarity, a large resistance appears at the read gate-terminals. Thus, the parallel branch including thegatesof Va'particular row yfor which complete agreement exists between the bits stored and the interrogationv wordjwill'have a low resistance` and the rest will haveahigh'resistance', providing Vthere is no other agreement.V The bulk of the readV current from terminals 36 and`37 will pass through that'branch Where there is agreement and also through the grid wire'onorle of the units 27 through 30. If, on the other hand, none Vof the stored words coincided with the interrogation Word, the read current wouldthenjilow through the superconducting dummy inductance 33, rather than through any of the aforementioned grids. If a stored word coincided with the interrogation word, Acurrent will pass through one of the grid wires on units 2,7 through 30, which will cause one of these unitsv to become resistivey making the `current fromterminals 38 and 39 go throughv the inductance 32. Little current will then pass through.:

the output device 31, thereby indicating agreement.

It should vbe noted that in the absence of any interrogation signal, on one of the A, B, C or D terminals, the outputV gate on corresponding cryogenic electronic memory cells remains non-resistive, since both a circulating current and an opposite interrogating current are required to make the output-gate of a particular device go resistive. VThis provision isuseful for interrogation of the memory with shortened Words or parts of words. Thus if the catalog memory is'w interrogated with the shortened word`fl-1, the lack ofadditional bits in' the interrogation will not prevent an indication of coincidence. i

plished by breaking up the catalog memory into blocks of Words, each block. with its own output gating arrangement for `representing and indicating th'eparticular loca-v tion of the coinciding word in the memory.

Anotherretinernent ofthe catalog memory systemc'an` beaccomplished by observing inran Vanalog fashionjthe resistance` across the series' string of read gatesfor aj particular wordthe lower the resistance, the more exact being the agreement with the interrogation word.

Although clockwise and counterclockwise currents are employed in the memory systems described it is understood that othercodings may be arranged.

A second cryogenic electronic loop for use in the memory according to thel present invention is illustrated in FIG. 4 which may, for example, be employed instead of the FIG. 1 device in the catalog matrix of FIG. 3. This memory loop or cell is also set forth and claimed in our aforementioned application Serial No. 311,272. In this cell the input coupling to the storage loop is direct rather than inductive, allowing simplification of construction. Referring to the figure, a loop of superconducting material 41 includes conductors 42 and V43 formed of lead and a tin gate' 44, all connected in series, the loop preferably being formed of deposited film conductors upon an insulating substrate. A lead erase grid superconductor 45 crosses gate 44, and is preferably deposited across gate 44 while being insulated therefrom by means of al suitable insulating layer 44a. An insulated read gate 46 underlies portions of conductor 42 so that conductor 42 forms a grid thereover, insulated therefrom with insulation 46a, and input coupling or write leads 47 intersect the loop circuit between lead conductors 42 and 43. A superconducting shield plane layer may be formed above or below the :device while insulated therefrom in order to increase operating speed. I

The unit is operated at temperatures in the superconducting region for the tin and lead conductors employed, by means of suitable-refrigeration apparatus. It is again understood that otherfsuperconductors could be used instead of tin and lead, so long as the vgrid conductors in each Vcase are capable of rendering the underlying gate resistive or normal without at the same time adversely affecting their own superconductivity. i

Read, write and erase current pulses are applied to the various connections of cryogenic electronic storage cell and these currents are preferably-derived from constant current generators. While a conventional voltage source may be employed to energize a superconducting circuit, a resistance must then be inserted between the source and the superconductor for dropping the source voltage, inasmuch as the superconductor in its superconducting state drops no voltage; but, even such a conventional source in series with a resistance may be thought of as a constant current source relative to the superconductor because the superconducting portion of the combined circuit does not determine the current iow.

In the FIG. 4 cell if both branches were kept superconducting, and a write current were applied through leads 47, it is found that this current will initially divide through the two branches in inverse proportion to their respective inductances. This current ratio will continue even in the steady state or D.C. case after the initial current increase, because there is then no force present to change the current distribution, the voltage drop across both superconductors being zero. If the current supply is then removed, a reaction voltage appears across each of the two branches caused respectively by the collapse of the larger current in the smaller inductance and the smaller current in the larger inductance. The voltages across the two Ibranches arerequal and opposite with respect to one another and no loop current will ow.

If one branch is made initially resistive the entire current from the source will flow in the other branch and the rst branch will have no initial current flowing therein. The rst branch will then develop no reaction voltage at the conclusion of the current pulse and the reaction voltage across the other branch will be capable of forcing reverse current flow in the first branch, thus causing a persistent current to ow around the loop. It should be noted then, that in order to establish a persistent current in the loop, one branch thereof may be made resistive during introduction of current into Vthe other branch, and

8. then the first branch is allowed to become superconducting again before the outside source of current is disconnected. Upon termination of the outside current, a persistent loop current is established.

In the present loop device, input coupling leads 47 intercept the loop between conductors 42 and 43, and are positioned to thereby divide the loop into two branches having nearly equal inductance. To this end, portions of deposited conductor 4Z are widened, with the exception of the grid portion 42a overlying the gate 46, for equalling the inductance of the branch comprising conductor 43 and relatively wide gate 44. Since the two'branches then have equalized inductance, a current pulse applied through leads 47 will divide equally between the two branches, providing both' are superconducting.

The ractual operation of the FIG. 4 device is illustrated in the FIG. 5 chart of waveforms. The waveformsV are from top to bottom, as functions of time: the erase current in the grid 45, the write current in input coupling leads 47, the current I1 in conductors 42, across the thin film gate 46, the current I2 in conductors 43 and thin film gate 44, the read current applied through gate 46, and the output resistance measured as a voltage across gate 46 in the presence of the read current. A one is indicated by a clockwise current in loop 41 (in the direction of Ir) and a zero is indicated by a counterclockwise current. A one is written initially when no current is circulating rst by the application of an erase pulse followed by a positive writey pulse in the direction shown by the arrow on the diagram. Inasmuch as the erase pulse renders the gate 44 resistive, the entire write current initially ows as I2 through the conductor 42 thereby rendering-gate 46 resistive. I2 becomes zero since the superconductor 42 represents a substantial short circuit across theconductor 43 and furthermore the current I2 remains zero atthe conclusion of-the erase pulse since essentially rno voltage drop then exists along the conductor 42 to initiate a current I2. vl When the write pulse concludes, however, supercur- A rent Il will continue to ow and will followY a path through conductors 43 and gate 44 in' a direction negative to I2. I1 drops to half due to the additional inductance initially encountered in the equal inductance branch including conductors 43 and gate 44. This persistent current, indicative of a stored cne, will continue to flow indefinitely until some outside influence, such as an erase current across grid 45, forces its conclusion.

The read cycle is initiated by the simultaneous application of a negative write pulse and a read current pulse. This write current pulse carried by leads 47 divides between conductors 42 and 43 in inverse proportion to the respective inductances of these branches, i.e., equally. The negative write current and its field subtracts from the circulating current in conductor 42 and its magnetic field, substantially zero Il current remaining therein. Therefore introduction of the read current drops zero Vvoltage across gate 46 indicating its continued zero resistance condition. t

The introduction of the next erase pulse renders gate 44 resistive and therefore terminates the persistent current in the loop 41. A zero is Written in the loop 41 by first applying a negative Write pulse to leads 47 before termination of the erase pulse. The entire write pulse eventually ows in conductors V42 inasmuch as a gate 44 is rendered resistive because of the continuing erase pulse in grid 45. At the conclusion of the erase pulse the entire negative write pulse will continue to iiow in conductor 42 since no voltage drop then exists along conductor 42 which would cause a current to ilow in conductor 43 and gate 44. However, at the conclusion of the negative write pulse, this negative I1 current will persist and ow through conductors 43 and gate 44 in the direction shown by the I2 arrow. This current will be half the previous value for Il because of the additional equalinductance encountered in the branch formed by conductors 43 and FIG'. 4,;the resistanceand non-resistance conditions of fthe read gateare interchanged from those of theFiG. 1

cell, so that agreement olf-write and inte-rrogate pulses "will cause resistance to exist in the read gate whileV disagreement will canse no resistance to exist in the read gate. Therefore the FIG; 3 matrix employing FIG. 4 cells will be responsive to coincidence with an interrogation which is the complete negative r'r complement of a stored signal. This apparent diiculty may be alleviated Iby interrogating with a negative or complement of the word sought in the memory. Alternatively, the read gates of a row in the memory may be arranged in a parallel read out matrix, arranged to give-a coiny cidence Vindication only when 'all are resistive by diverting current into a dummy inductance cooperating with each such row. A superconductive or gate could then determine whether current was flowing through such a dummy inductance, for example, an or gate of the type comprising switches 2'7,` 238, 29 and 30 in FIG. 3.

Extremely compact memory organizations employing apparatus in accordance with the present invention may be advantageously substituted for magnetic drum, magnetic core or tape, transistor, or other conventional systems. The cryogenic electronic memory of the present invention may be vacuum deposited in the'foirm of a large array including switching and storage elements together with' interconnections. The memory is therefore cheaper and much more simply fabricated than existing conventional semiconductor or magnetic devices. Y

While we have shown and described several embodiments of our invention, it will be apparent to those Vskilled in the art that many'changes and modifications may be made without departing from our invention in its broader aspects; and we therefore intend the appended claims to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of our invention.

Whatv we claim as new and desired to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. A catalog memory matrix composed of memory devices each having a superconductive loop, a superconductive gate influenced by said loop, coupling means associated with said loop for causing conduction in a selected direction over at least a portion of said loop, inhibiting means for destroying superconduction over at least a portion of said loop to establish a persistent current in said loop, said catalog matrix comprising a first bank of leads interconnecting the coupling means o-f the memory i devices in separate columns each representative of a digitposition for inserting information into said memory devices and selectively comparing an interrogation therewith, a second bank of leads separately connecting the inhibiting means of saidsame memory devices in rows Y perpendicularl to said columns for selectively inhibiting' the devices of one of said rows to address the devices thereof, and the third bank of leads connecting the superconductive gates of saidmemo-ry devices in the same rows as said second bank, and means for introducing current to said .last mentioned bank concur-rent wit-h an interroga. tion and `for measuring the current in Ysaid rows thereof ,tease 3. A catalog memory array comprising elements each having a persistent current loop, measurement gate means thereacross and means for coupling a current thereto,

inhibiting grid means across said loop for cooperating to 5 establish a persistent current in said loop by rendering a portion of said loop resistive, said array having the coupling means of said devices serially connected inaplurality of columns so that signals representative of various Words to be stored and compared may be coupled thereto, 0 said array also havingl their inhibiting gridineans and measurement gate means each serially connected'in rows, means for selectively energizing rows of. said inhibiting grid means, and means for-measuringthelresistance of i said rows of measurement gate means.

' 4. The device as set forth in claim 3 wherein said loop, said inhibiting grid means, said measurement gaternreans and said coupling means comprise superposed deposited layers on a common subs-trate with insulating means be- -tween said layers. 29. 5. A superconducti've catalog memory matrix comprising: a first row of terminals for presenting words'of information to be sto-red and compared; a plurality of memory devices arranged inY columns and rows and each having a superconductive loop for storing only oneV persistent current per Vbit of information, means for entering a current into said loop, current measuring means, and inhibiting means for cooperating to establish a persistent current in said loop by `rende-ring a portion of said loop resistive; circuitry coupling said current enterfing means of a given column to one of said terminals; circuitry interconnectingsaid'inhibiting means in a given row and for selectively' energizing the same; and meansV interconnecting said measurement means-in a given grow and for detecting which row obtains the lowest resistanceupon presentationof auf-interrogation to saidtcr- Yminals. v y l f i 6. The device as set forth in claim 5 wherein said'loop,

said current entering means, said measuring means' and said inhibiting means comprise superposed deposited'llayers 40 on a common substrate with insulating meansfbet'ween said layers. 3

- 7. A plurality of memory devices arranged in an ar'- ray of columns and rows, each comprising a superconductive loop, inhibiting means crossing said loop, superconductive pling a current into said loop, said array having the coupling means of said devices connected in a plu-rality of columns for coupling to signals representative of variousV words to be stored `and compared, said array having v said inhibiting means and gate means connected in separate rows, rmeans for coupling an inhibiting `pulse to selected inhibiting means in a row, means .for presenting information of a first polarity to said coupling means concluding after presentation of an inhibiting pulse to said selected inhibiting means, means for coupling an interrogation signal to said coupling means, and means for sending a current through said gate means at the same time as said intenrogation signal to ascertain` the 'polarity agreement of said interrogation signalrwith respect V60. to said first polarity. n

8. The device as set forth in claim 7 wherein said Y loop, said inhibiting means, saidg'iate means and said current coupling means and said sensing meanscomprise superposed deposited layers on a common substrate with 55 insulating means between said layers.

` 9. A catalog memory array comprising a plurality of cryogenic persistent current memory loopsV capable of carrying a persistent current, each including coupling, `means-for inserting a current into theloop, each also to give an indication of agreement of the interrogatiom'o hayingasseciated therewith second means in cryotron.

Y with a given stored row.

vcomprise superposed deposited layers onfa common substrate with insulating means between said layers.

,Ligiid rglgation to said loop for quenching a current in a; portijmpf said loop to establish persistent current in said loop upon the conclusion of saidV current inserted into said loop and cash` loop having a third; cryotronl gate means for detectingda current in each Asaid loop, said gate means crossing said looppmeans for couarray having only one persistent current loop per bit of information stored and havin-g the said first coupling means lof said devices ser-ially connected in a plurality of columns, connection means for presenting currents to said columns representative of information for storage in said array and later for presenting second currents representative of information for interrogation of said catalog memory array, which second currents add to persistent currents stored in said array to change the resistance of said third means, said array also having the second means of said loops interconnected in a plurality of separate groups representative of words of information stored for addressing the said groups, and said array having said third means of said loops interconnected in a plurality of similar separate groups, means for introducinga current into groups of said third means concurrent with interogation current applied to `said connection means, and means for measuring the current flowing in said last mentioned groups to give an indication of agreement of the interrogation with information stored in a particular group corresponding to a word of information.

'10. A catalog memory array comprising a plural-ity of cryogenic memory loop-s capable of carrying a persistent current, each including coupling means for inserting a current into the loop, each also having associated there-v with second means for quenching a current in a portion of said loop whereby persistent current is established in said loop upon the conclusion of current inserted into lsaid loop and each having a third means for detecting a current in each said loop, said array having the coupling means of said devices serially connected in a plurality of columns, connection means for presenting currents to said columns representative of information to be stored in said array and at a later time representative of information with which said catalog memory array is interrogated, said array also having said second means of said loops interconnected in a plurality of separate blocks representative of words of information stored for the purpose of addressing said blocks, and said array having said third means of said loops interconnected in a plurality of similar separate blocks, means for lintroducing a current into blocks of sa-id third means concurrent with an interrogation current applied to said connection means, and means for measuring the current in said last mentioned blocks to give an indication of agreement of the interrogation with information stored in a 4 block corresponding to a Word of information, each block indicating the particular location of information in the memory which compares with the interrogation presented.

11. A catalog memory array comprising a plurality of cryogenic memory loops capable of carrying a persistent current, each including coupling means for inserting a current into the loop, each also having associated therewith second means for quenching a current in a portion of said loop whereby persistent current is established in said loop upon the conclusion of current inserted into said loop and each having a third means for detecting a current in each said loop, a substrate, said third means 'being deposited upon said substrate, said loop being deposited with a portion thereof extended across said third means and having insulation intervening therebetween, said second means being deposited across a portion of said loop and having second insulation means intervening between said second means and said loop, said coupling means comprising a pair of conductors one of which is connected to each side of said loop between said second means and said third means, said array having the coupling means of said devices serially connected in a plurality of columns, connection means for presenting currents to said columns representative of information to be stored in said array and at a later time representative of information with which said catalog memory'r'ay is interrogated, said array also having said second`means of said loops interconnected in a plurality of separate groups representative of words information stored for the purpose of addressing said groups, and said array having said third means of said loops interconnected in a plurality of similar separate groups, means for introducing a current into groups of said third means, concurrent with an interrogation current applied to said connection means and means for measuring the current in said last mentioned groups to give an indication of agreement of the interroga-tion with information stored in a particular group corresponding to a word of information.

12. A catalog memory array comprising a plurality of cryogenic memory loops capable of carrying a persistent current, each including first coupling means foririserting a current into the loop, each also having associated therewith second means for quenching a current in a portion of said loop whereby presistent current is established in said loop upon the conclusion of current inserted into said loop and each having a third means for detecting a current in each said loop, a substrate, s-aid third means being deposited upon said substrate, said loop being deposited with a portion thereof extended across said third means having insulation intervening therebetween, said second means being deposited across a portion of said loop having second insulation means intervening between said second means and said loop, said coupling means comprising a coupling loop inductively coupled to said rst mentioned loop, said array having the coupling means of said devices serially connected in a plurality of columns, connection means for presenting currents to said columns representative of inform-ation to be stored in said array and at a later time representative of information with which said catalog memory array is interrogated, said array also having said second means of said loops interconnected in a plurality of separate distinct groups representative of words of information stored for the purpose of addressing said groups, and said array having said third means of said loops interconnected in a plurality of similar separate groups, means for introducing a current into groups of said third means concurrent with an interrogation current applied to said connection means and means for measuring the current in said last mentioned groups to give an indication of agreement of the interrogation with information stored in a particular group corresponding to a word of information.

13. A catalog memory array comprising a plurality of cryogenic persistent current memory loops capable of carrying a persistent current, each including coupling means for inserting a current into the loop, each also having associated therewith second means in cryotron grid relation to said loop for quenching a current in a portion of said loop to establish persistent current in said loop upon the conclusion of said current inserted into said loop and each loop having a third cryotron gate means for detecting the magnetic field of the current in each said loop, said array having the said first coupling means of said devices coupled in a plurality of columns, connectionl means for presenting currents to said columns for storage in said array, said array also having the second means of said loops interconnected in a plurality of distinct groups representative of words of information stored for addressing the said groups, and said array having said third means of said loops interconnected in a plurality of similar distinct groups also representative of words of information, wherein the loops of said memory array are interrogated for their information by producing a magnetic iield coincident With selected third means, said field being indicative of said interrogation, and means for introducing current into groups of said third means so that current flow in a group of said third means indicates the agreement status of that group with an interrogation.

14. A catalog memory array comprising a plurality of cryogenic memory cells capable of carrying a persistent current, eachncluding coupling means for insertingl a cur- .rent into the cell, each also having associated therewih second means for quenching a current inrsaid cell and each having a third means for detectingthe magnetic tield `the purpose of addressing said words, and "said array having said third means of said cells separately interconnected in a plurality of similar distinct blocks also representative of words of information wherein the cells of said memory array are interrogated for their information by producing a magnetic field coincident with selected third means which setting up a magnetic field in a given direction at said of an interrogation word with digits of plural stored data wordsrarranged in corresponding digit order comprising: a matrix including rows of storage ce ls wherein each row stores a data word, each of said cells including conduction meansfor establishing and circulating persistent current representative of a stored digit, said persistent rcurrent cell, detection means coupled in distinct rows correspondfield is indicative of said interrogation, and means for measuring current liow in'said last mentioned blocks for indicating when a block is in agreement with an interrogation.

15. A catalog memory array comprising a plurality of cryogenic memory loops capable of carrying a persistent current, each including coupling means for inserting a current into the cell, each also having associated therewith second-.means for quenching a current in a portion of said loop whereby persistent current is established in said loop upon the conclusion of current inserted into said loop and each having la third means for detecting the magnetic lield of the current'in each said loop, a substrate, said loop being deposited with a portion thereof extended in-insulated juxtaposition with saidfthird means, and with a portion of said loop ininsulated juxtaposition with said second means, said coupling means comprising a pair of conductors one of which is connected to each side of said loop, said array having the coupling means of said devices coupled in a pluralityof columns, connection means for presenting currents to said columns representativel of -information tovbe stored in said array, said array also having said second means of said loops interconnected in a plurality of separate groups representative of words of information stored for the purpose of addressing said groups, and said array having said third means of said loops interconnected in a plurality of similarly separate groups also representative of words of information, wherein the loops of said memory array are interrogated by producing a magnetic eld indicative of said interrogation, said field being coincident with selected third means, and means for introducing a current into groups of said third means, the current status in a group of third means indicating agreement of that group with an interrogation. y,

16. A memory system for parallel comparison of digits ing to said data words, said detection means being responsive to said magnetic eld at said cells, and means for simultaneously interrogating a plurality of said cells at Y corresponding digit order locations in plural rows of said matrix including means for establishing a magnetic field at `selected cells of corresponding digit order location in said plural rows of said matrix, which iield is coincident with at least a portion of said rst magnetic field for establishing a resultant field at said detection means indicating the relative sense of said stored data and said interrogation at said detection means through selective reinforcement and subtraction of said fields. l

17. A memory system for parallel comparison of digits of an interrogation word with digits of plural stored dat-a Words arranged in corresponding digit order comprising: a matrix including rows of storage cells wherein each row stores a data Word, each` of said cells including conduction means for establishing and circulating persistent current representative of a stored digit, said persistent current setting up a magnetic lield in a given direction at said,

cell, detection means coupled in distinct rows corresponding to said data words, said detection means being responsive to said magnetic field at said cells, and means for Y vsimultaneously interrogating a plurality of said cells at corresponding digit order locations in plural rows of said matrix including means for establishing a magnetic field 4at selected cells of corresponding digit order location ,in V'said plural rows of said matrix which eld is coincident with at least a portion of said first magnetic lield for es- Y tablishing a resultant ield at said detection means indicating the relative sense of said stored data and said interrogation at said detection means through selective reinforcement and subtraction of said Iields, said detection means in a given distinct row indicating the row responsive to an interrogation.

No references cited.

IRVING L. SRAGOW, Primary Examiner. 

3. A CATALOG MEMORY ARRAY COMPRISING ELEMENT EACH HAVING A PERSISTANT CURRENT LOOP, MEASUREMENT GATE MEANS THEREACROSS AND MEANS FOR COUPLING A CURRENT THERETO, INHIBITING GRID MEANS ACROSS SAID LOOP FOR COOPERATING TO ESTABLISH A PERSISTANT CURRENT IN SAID LOOP BY RENDERING A PORTION OF SAID LOOP RESISTIVE, SAID ARRAY HAVING THE COUPLING MEANS OF SAID DEVICES SERIALLY CONNECTED IN A PLURALITY OF COLUMNS SO THAT SIGNALS REPRESENTATIVE OF VARIOUS 